heavy rail motor car

1 traffic, circulation.

2 trade, dealing, traffic.

3 traffic jam.

4 drug trafficking, dealing of drugs, selling of drugs.

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► nombre masculino

1 AUTOMÓVIL traffic

2 COMERCIO traffic, trade

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tráfico de drogas drug traffic

tráfico de influencias PLÍTICA influence peddling

tráfico rodado road traffic

* * *

* * *

1) (Aut, Ferro) traffic

2) (tb: Dirección General de Tráfico) public department in charge of controlling traffic

3) (=negocio) trade; pey traffic (en in)

4) LAm (=tránsito) transit, passage

* * *

1) ( de vehículos) traffic

- tráfico aéreo

- tráfico marítimo

2) ( de mercancías) trade

•

- tráfico de influencias

* * *

= traffic, trafficking, traffic, traffic stream.

Ex. Above all, we specified a variety of reader places and that all traffic in and out of the library be controlled from one point.

Ex. The author calls for state and federal laws to make the trafficking in fraudulently obtained subscriber IDs and Passwords.

Ex. She wrote for the daily press on the manners and morals of society, on the plight of London's working women and children, and on the international traffic in women.

Ex. But two Wharton researchers explain why high traffic streams to a website need not necessarily mean an increase in business.

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* accidente de tráfico = car accident, road accident, traffic accident, car crash.

* accidente mortal de tráfico = fatal car accident, fatal road accident.

* atasco de tráfico = tailback.

* caravana de tráfico = tailback.

* cola de tráfico = tailback.

* congestionado de tráfico = gridlocked.

* congestión de tráfico = traffic congestion, gridlock traffic.

* cono de tráfico = traffic cone, warning cone.

* controlador de tráfico aéreo = air traffic controller.

* flujo de tráfico = traffic flow.

* informe de tráfico = traffic report.

* infracción de tráfico = traffic violation.

* infractor de tráfico = scofflaw.

* medida de ralentización del tráfico = traffic calming measure.

* multa de tráfico = traffic ticket.

* panel luminoso de información de tráfico = variable road sign.

* panel luminoso de tráfico = variable road sign.

* policía de tráfico = traffic officer, highway patrol, traffic cop.

* ralentización del tráfico = traffic calming.

* señal de tráfico = road sign.

* señalización del tráfico ferroviario = railway signalling.

* señalización de tráfico = road signage.

* tráfico a motor = motor traffic.

* tráfico congestionado = traffic congestion, gridlock traffic.

* tráfico costero = coastal traffic.

* tráfico de armas = trafficking in arms, arms trafficking.

* tráfico de datos de un modo intermitente = bursty traffic.

* tráfico de drogas = trafficking in drugs, drug traffic, drug trafficking, drug trade.

* tráfico de influencias = spoils system, nepotism.

* tráfico de información = data traffic.

* tráfico de la web = Web traffic.

* tráfico de mujeres = trafficking in women.

* tráfico de niños = trafficking in children.

* tráfico de personas = foot fall.

* tráfico de seres humanos = trafficking in human beings.

* tráfico ferroviario = train traffic.

* tráfico ilegal de drogas = illicit drug trafficking.

* tráfico intenso = heavy traffic.

* tráfico pesado = heavy traffic.

* * *

1) ( de vehículos) traffic

- tráfico aéreo

- tráfico marítimo

2) ( de mercancías) trade

•

- tráfico de influencias

* * *

* * *

A (de vehículos) traffic

accidente de tráfico road accident

parar el tráfico ( fam): llevaba un vestido que paraba el tráfico she was wearing a very eyecatching dress, the dress she was wearing turned a few heads o ( AmE) stopped the traffic ( colloq)

su primo es de los que paran el tráfico his cousin is a real stunner ( colloq)

air traffic

shipping

road traffic, vehicular traffic ( frml)

B (de mercancías) trade

tráfico de armas arms trade o dealing

acusados de tráfico de drogas accused of drug dealing o trafficking

tráfico de esclavos slave trade, traffic in slaves

influence peddling, spoils system ( AmE)

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

◊ accidente de tráfico road accident

◊ tráfico de armas arms trade;

* * *

tráfico nm

1. [de vehículos] traffic;

una carretera cortada al tráfico a road closed to traffic;

infracción de tráfico driving offence

tráfico marítimo maritime traffic;

tráfico de mercancías freight traffic;

tráfico rodado road traffic

2. [comercio] traffic;

luchar contra el tráfico ilegal de inmigrantes to fight the illegal trade in immigrants

tráfico de drogas drug dealing o trafficking;

el tráfico de esclavos the slave trade;

tráfico de estupefacientes drug trafficking o dealing;

tráfico de influencias influence peddling, US graft;

tráfico sexual sex trafficking

3. Informát [en la Red] traffic

* * *

m traffic

* * *

tráfico nm

1) : trade

2) : traffic

* * *

tráfico n traffic

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.

Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.

In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.

Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.

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